{"id":"SUBSAH-010","label":"Humbi Handa lumpoku circumcision-school bullroarer","people_or_site":"Humbi and Handa","country_current":"Angola","historic_region":"South-western Angola / Huila","macroregion":"Africa / Southern Africa","local_name":"lumpoku","source_term":"bullroarer","source_language":"English","object_description":"A flat wooden slat about 20 cm by 4 cm with a hole at one end and a two-metre string; Kubik describes one whirled in the ekwendje circumcision camp at Kamuvia in 1965.","function_summary":"Whirled in the ekwendje circumcision camps to frighten the uninitiated boys.","attestation_type":"ethnographic_attestation","source_key":"KUBIK_1975_HUMBI_HANDA_LUMPOKU","source_type":"academic_article_pdf","source_url":"https://journal.ru.ac.za/index.php/africanmusic/article/download/1618/754/756","page_or_plate":"Kubik 1975: 99; Kubik, Humbi-Handa, Angola recordings booklet (1965 ekwendje camp, Kamuvia/Ecuque); SMVK 1953.34.0100 (Bolinder 1951) | CREM CNRSMH_E_1974_004_001_01 | Estermann 1957 vol. II: 71, 74–76 (original printed pages)","map_confidence":"high","plot_status":"plot_with_caveat","coordinate_basis":"Quilengues Humbi Handa regional anchor not recording archive","jade_complex_role":"","blurb":"Among the Humbi and Handa cattle-herders of south-western Angola, the lumpoku sounded in the boys' ekwendje circumcision camps. Its rising and falling roar frightened the uninitiated, who took it for the voice of an all-powerful Being; among the Humbi, its buzz was the voices of the ancestors. Nyaneka songs heard the ehulumphuku howling across the plains by the lagoon of Pundo. If the operation left a boy maimed, people said Ehulumphuku lyamima: the bullroarer had swallowed him. Among the Humbi, a mother sent her absent son a new basket for his homecoming. If he had died in camp, a guard cut out its bottom and returned it; she understood without explanation. For boys who came home, the mothers danced and mimed childbirth. Their return from the forest to family life was a second birth.","pull_quote":"É pois uma espécie de réu-réu, destinado a produzir ruído, e aqui comparado a um animal selvagem, soltando seus uivos em pleno mato.","pull_quote_translation":"It is, then, a kind of bullroarer (réu-réu), made to produce noise, and here likened to a wild animal letting out its howls in the open bush.","pull_quote_cite":"Carlos Estermann, Etnografia do Sudoeste de Angola, vol. II, Grupo étnico Nhaneca-Humbe (Lisbon, 1957), p. 71","term_gloss":"lumpoku — Humbi/Handa name for the bullroarer, used in boys' circumcision schools. Among the Nyaneka proper the same instrument is ehulumphuku, which Estermann glosses «o pau-espantalho» ('the scarecrow stick'); the 1896 Portuguese-Olunyaneka dictionary lists it under Papão, 'bogeyman'.","cls":"restricted","class_label":"Restricted","color":"#A43C2F","is_candidate":false,"flags":["spirit_voice","initiation","death_rebirth"],"f_jade_complex":false,"f_women_taboo":false,"f_women_special":false,"f_snake":false,"sources":[{"citation":"Gerhard Kubik, “Musical Bows in South-Western Angola, 1965,” African Music 5(4) (1975): 98–104, p. 99; Gerhard Kubik, Humbi-Handa, Angola, recordings booklet (1965 fieldwork); Carlos Estermann, Etnografia do Sudoeste de Angola, vol. II (Lisbon, 1957), pp. 71, 74–76; Etnografiska museet, Stockholm, 1953.34.0100 (Gustaf Bolinder, 1951)","url":"https://journal.ru.ac.za/index.php/africanmusic/article/download/1618/754/756","archive":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261013032224/https://journal.ru.ac.za/index.php/africanmusic/article/download/1618/754/756"}],"source_citations":"Gerhard Kubik, “Musical Bows in South-Western Angola, 1965,” African Music 5(4) (1975): 98–104, p. 99; Gerhard Kubik, Humbi-Handa, Angola, recordings booklet (1965 fieldwork); Carlos Estermann, Etnografia do Sudoeste de Angola, vol. II (Lisbon, 1957), pp. 71, 74–76; Etnografiska museet, Stockholm, 1953.34.0100 (Gustaf Bolinder, 1951)","source_display":"Gerhard Kubik, “Musical Bows in South-Western Angola, 1965,” African Music 5(4) (1975): 98–104, p. 99; Gerhard Kubik, Humbi-Handa, Angola, recordings booklet (1965 fieldwork); Carlos Estermann, Etnografia do Sudoeste de Angola, vol. II (Lisbon, 1957), pp. 71, 74–76; Etnografiska museet, Stockholm, 1953.34.0100 (Gustaf Bolinder, 1951)","date_citation_display":"","object_display":"A flat wooden slat about 20 cm by 4 cm with a hole at one end and a two-metre string; Kubik describes one whirled in the ekwendje circumcision camp at Kamuvia in 1965.","function_display":"Whirled in the ekwendje circumcision camps to frighten the uninitiated boys.","confidence_display":"high","attestation_label":"ethnographic attestation","etymology_hedge":"","people_key":"humbi","display_name":"Humbi Handa lumpoku circumcision-school bullroarer","image":{"full":"assets/objects/museum_harvest/bm_E_Af1937-0312-71.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/museum_harvest/thumbs/bm_E_Af1937-0312-71_thumb.jpg","alt":"Long orange-brown wooden bullroarer collected in Angola in 1937, with a pointed blade, cord at one end and several fibre strips wrapped around its middle.","credit":"© The Trustees of the British Museum (E/Af1937-0312-71)","license":"CC BY-NC-SA 4.0","source_page":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1937-0312-71","rehosted":true,"representative":true,"caption":"Angolan bullroarer with attached cord.","pool_id":"auto-museum_harvest--bm_E_Af1937-0312-71"},"slug":"subsah-010-humbi-and-handa"}