{"id":"SCHEBESTA1921-001","label":"Sepa communal bullroarer","people_or_site":"Sepa (Sepa language)","country_current":"Papua New Guinea","historic_region":"Sepa village / Bogia District / Madang Province","macroregion":"Oceania / Sahul","local_name":"","source_term":"Schwirrholz","source_language":"German / Sepa cult term","object_description":"Communal bullroarer within the lumbeki ceremonial complex; form and material unrecorded.","function_summary":"Held collectively by each Sepa village within the lumbeki complex.","attestation_type":"ethnographic_attestation","source_key":"schebesta_1921_sepa_schwirrholz","source_type":"primary_ethnography","source_url":"https://www.digi-hub.de/viewer/fulltext/DE-11-001853193/1116/","page_or_plate":"printed p. 1054; viewer page 1116","map_confidence":"high","plot_status":"plot","coordinate_basis":"Modern Sepa village centroid confirmed by OSM/GeoNames and current government locality schedules; not a performance site.","jade_complex_role":"","blurb":"Lumbeki was larger than any one instrument: it gathered masks, flutes, spirits, dances, and ritual tools into a village-wide ceremonial complex. Each Sepa village held one bullroarer in common within that institution.","pull_quote":"Jedes Sepadorf besitzt als Gesamtheit einen gemeinsamen Lumbeki, ein Schwirrholz.","pull_quote_translation":"Each Sepa village collectively possesses a communal lumbeki: a bullroarer.","pull_quote_cite":"Schebesta 1921/22:1054","term_gloss":"lumbeki: umbrella Sepa cult category, including masks, flutes, bullroarers, spirits, dances and ritual tools; not the bullroarer's name","cls":"sacred","class_label":"Sacred / spirit","color":"#8A5A2B","is_candidate":false,"flags":[],"f_jade_complex":false,"f_women_taboo":false,"f_women_special":false,"f_snake":false,"sources":[{"citation":"Joseph Schebesta, 'Parak-Institution im Bogia-Distrikt unter den Sepa,' Anthropos 16/17 (1921/22), p. 1054","url":"https://www.digi-hub.de/viewer/fulltext/DE-11-001853193/1116/","archive":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261013025848/https://www.digi-hub.de/viewer/fulltext/DE-11-001853193/1116/"}],"source_citations":"Joseph Schebesta, 'Parak-Institution im Bogia-Distrikt unter den Sepa,' Anthropos 16/17 (1921/22), p. 1054","source_display":"Joseph Schebesta, 'Parak-Institution im Bogia-Distrikt unter den Sepa,' Anthropos 16/17 (1921/22), p. 1054","date_citation_display":"","object_display":"Communal bullroarer within the lumbeki ceremonial complex; form and material unrecorded.","function_display":"","confidence_display":"high","attestation_label":"ethnographic attestation","etymology_hedge":"","people_key":"sepa","display_name":"Sepa communal bullroarer","image":{"full":"assets/objects/EXH2026-038_nmvw_wm31841.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/EXH2026-038_nmvw_wm31841_thumb.jpg","alt":"A long, narrow brown wooden Astrolabe Bay zoemhout with pale geometric decoration and a short red cord near one end; not the Biliau blade.","credit":"Collectie Wereldmuseum (Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen), WM-31841","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","source_page":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11840/1092794","rehosted":true,"representative":true,"caption":"A carved blade from Astrolabe Bay.","pool_id":"auto-EXH2026-038_nmvw_wm31841","additional":[{"full":"assets/objects/review_2026_07_15/SCHEBESTA1921_sepa_dagoi_p1054.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/review_2026_07_15/thumbs/SCHEBESTA1921_sepa_dagoi_p1054_thumb.jpg","credit":"Joseph Schebesta, Parak-Institution im Bogia-Distrikt unter den Sepa, Anthropos 16/17 (1921/22), p. 1054","license":"Public domain in the United States (published 1921/22)","source_page":"https://www.digi-hub.de/viewer/fulltext/DE-11-001853193/1116/","rehosted":true,"caption":"Schebesta's 1921/22 page records the bullroarer held in common by each Sepa village; no object image survives."}]},"slug":"schebesta1921-001-sepa-sepa-language"}