{"id":"POLY2026-004","label":"Aitutaki patangitangi leaflet bullroarer","people_or_site":"Aitutaki","country_current":"Cook Islands","historic_region":"Aitutaki","macroregion":"Oceania / Polynesia","local_name":"patangitangi","source_term":"leaflet bull-roarer","source_language":"English","object_description":"A strip of coconut leaflet, about 9 inches by three-quarters of an inch, doubled at its midpoint; a green leaflet midrib pinned through the free ends and bowed back into the fold to hold the blade taut, with a long leaflet midrib as cord and handle.","function_summary":"A child's toy, swung on its midrib cord for the hum.","attestation_type":"ethnographic_attestation","source_key":"buck1927_aitutaki","source_type":"primary_ethnography","source_url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XXwiAAAAMAAJ","page_or_plate":"pp. 321-322 (Fig. 281) and p. 345","map_confidence":"medium","plot_status":"plot_with_caveat","coordinate_basis":"Aitutaki island anchor; Buck's discussion is island-level and not a specific village or findspot.","jade_complex_role":"","blurb":"On Aitutaki the bull-roarer was a children's plaything made from a strip of coconut leaflet rather than carved wood, and whirled for its hum. The Cook Islands dictionary records it plainly as \"Bullroarer. (child's toy),\" with the sample phrase \"there is a coconut leaf to make a bullroarer out of.\" Te Rangi Hīroa (Peter Buck) catalogued the leaf toys of Aitutaki in his 1927 material-culture volume, and when he later turned to Samoa he noted that the local version was \"made in the same way as at Aitutaki\" — there it was the lango mumu, taking its name from the buzzing fly because of its humming noise, made alongside a leaf windmill (pe'ape'a) and a spinner (moamoa).","pull_quote":"The more substantial nature of the Maori bull-roarer drew attention to it, whilst the perishable form of the Aitutaki patangitangi probably led to its being overlooked by writers. This has led to the statement that the bull-roarer is unknown to the Polynesians, with the exception of the Maori branch. The cocoanut leaflet patangitangi has as much right to the generic name of bull-roarer as the more stable wooden purerehua.","pull_quote_translation":"","pull_quote_cite":"Te Rangi Hīroa (P. H. Buck), The Material Culture of the Cook Islands (Aitutaki) (1927), printed p. 345.","term_gloss":"patangitangi (Cook Islands Maori): \"bullroarer, a child's toy,\" from pa- + tangi (\"to sound, cry\"), reduplicated; made from a coconut leaflet.","cls":"play_practical","class_label":"Play / practical","color":"#24766D","is_candidate":false,"flags":["toy_survival"],"f_jade_complex":false,"f_women_taboo":false,"f_women_special":false,"f_snake":false,"etymology":"Transparent sound-word formation for an Aitutaki coconut-leaflet toy bullroarer.","literal_gloss":"from tangi, sounding/crying; reduplicated","semantic_cluster":"sound; toy; onomatopoeia","etymology_confidence":"high","sources":[{"citation":"Te Rangi Hiroa (P. H. Buck), The Material Culture of the Cook Islands (Aitutaki) (1927), pp. 321-322, fig. 281, and p. 345","url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XXwiAAAAMAAJ","archive":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261013025610/https://books.google.com/books?id=XXwiAAAAMAAJ"}],"source_citations":"Te Rangi Hiroa (P. H. Buck), The Material Culture of the Cook Islands (Aitutaki) (1927), pp. 321-322, fig. 281, and p. 345","source_display":"Te Rangi Hiroa (P. H. Buck), The Material Culture of the Cook Islands (Aitutaki) (1927), pp. 321-322, fig. 281, and p. 345","date_citation_display":"","object_display":"A strip of coconut leaflet, about 9 inches by three-quarters of an inch, doubled at its midpoint; a green leaflet midrib pinned through the free ends and bowed back into the fold to hold the blade taut, with a long leaflet midrib as cord and handle.","function_display":"A child's toy, swung on its midrib cord for the hum.","confidence_display":"medium","attestation_label":"ethnographic attestation","etymology_hedge":"","people_key":"aitutaki","display_name":"Aitutaki patangitangi leaflet bullroarer","image":{"full":"assets/objects/pd_plates/buck1927_aitutaki_fig281_patangitangi.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/pd_plates/buck1927_aitutaki_fig281_patangitangi_thumb.jpg","alt":"Buck’s construction diagram of the Aitutaki coconut-leaflet patangitangi: a curved leaflet loop above a flat strip, an enlarged tied attachment and the assembled instrument on its cord, labelled A–D.","credit":"Te Rangi Hiroa (Peter Buck), The Material Culture of the Cook Islands (Aitutaki) (1927), fig. 281","license":"Public domain","source_page":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucMate.html","rehosted":true,"representative":false,"caption":"Buck's construction diagram of the Aitutaki leaflet bull-roarer."},"slug":"poly2026-004-aitutaki"}