{"id":"PNG7","label":"Boiken","people_or_site":"Boiken","country_current":"Papua New Guinea","historic_region":"East Sepik","macroregion":"Oceania / Sahul","local_name":"","source_term":"","source_language":"English","object_description":"bullroarer occurrence; sacred flute occurrence; slit-gong occurrence; slit-gong use","function_summary":"Among the Yangoru Boiken the bullroarer is the instrument of the wala, stream-spirits formed from the mystical union of dead male ancestors, swung by a band of men who act as the wala to discipline and enforce social sanction.","attestation_type":"ethnographic_attestation","source_key":"gourlay1975_sound_producing","source_type":"source_catalog","source_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/inu.30000082089644","page_or_plate":"Table 1, row 7","map_confidence":"medium","plot_status":"plot","coordinate_basis":"Boiken village on the Wewak coast, East Sepik (GeoNames 2099254), standing for the Boiken people; an area anchor.","jade_complex_role":"","blurb":"Among the Yangoru Boiken of the East Sepik, the bullroarer belonged to the wala, the stream-spirits believed to form from the mystical union of dead male ancestors whose shades congregate in the water. In former times, if the wife of an important man insulted his sexuality, she was disciplined by \"the wala\": a band of men who swung a bullroarer and destroyed the couple's belongings. Bullroarers, weapons, and cooking and dining utensils were sometimes incised with abstract designs said to be the \"face of the wala.\" Paul Roscoe, who recorded these practices, names hand drums and monotone flutes as the people's main instruments, with the slit-gong sounded to summon relatives at a death.","pull_quote":"The principal supernaturals are human fiends that stalk lone villagers at certain seasons, the spirits of the ancestors, and the wala spirits.","pull_quote_translation":"","pull_quote_cite":"Roscoe, \"Yangoru Boiken: Religion and Expressive Culture,\" Encyclopedia of World Cultures (Oceania)","term_gloss":"","cls":"restricted","class_label":"Restricted","color":"#A43C2F","is_candidate":false,"flags":["spirit_voice","women_taboo"],"f_jade_complex":false,"f_women_taboo":true,"f_women_special":false,"f_snake":false,"sources":[{"citation":"K. A. Gourlay, Sound-Producing Instruments in Traditional Society: A Study of Esoteric Instruments and Their Role in Male-Female Relations, New Guinea Research Bulletin 60 (1975), Table 1, entry 7","url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/inu.30000082089644"},{"citation":"Paul B. Roscoe, “Yangoru Boiken,” in Terence E. Hays (ed.), Encyclopedia of World Cultures, vol. 2: Oceania (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1991), pp. 388-391, “Religion and Expressive Culture”"}],"source_citations":"K. A. Gourlay, Sound-Producing Instruments in Traditional Society: A Study of Esoteric Instruments and Their Role in Male-Female Relations, New Guinea Research Bulletin 60 (1975), Table 1, entry 7; Paul B. Roscoe, “Yangoru Boiken,” in Terence E. Hays (ed.), Encyclopedia of World Cultures, vol. 2: Oceania (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1991), pp. 388-391, “Religion and Expressive Culture”","source_display":"K. A. Gourlay, Sound-Producing Instruments in Traditional Society: A Study of Esoteric Instruments and Their Role in Male-Female Relations, New Guinea Research Bulletin 60 (1975), Table 1, entry 7; Paul B. Roscoe, “Yangoru Boiken,” in Terence E. Hays (ed.), Encyclopedia of World Cultures, vol. 2: Oceania (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1991), pp. 388-391, “Religion…","date_citation_display":"","object_display":"","function_display":"Among the Yangoru Boiken the bullroarer is the instrument of the wala, stream-spirits formed from the mystical union of dead male ancestors, swung by a band of men who act as the wala to discipline and enforce social sanction.","confidence_display":"medium","attestation_label":"ethnographic attestation","etymology_hedge":"","people_key":"boiken","display_name":"Boiken","image":{"full":"assets/objects/PNG10_smb_vi48559.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/PNG10_smb_vi48559_thumb.jpg","alt":"The ulke-maira made by Tarigo at Kalabu I in 1965: a long dark palmwood blade, its middle wound with many turns of plant-fibre cord and a short tie at one end.","credit":"Ethnologisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (VI 48559), made by Tarigo, Kalabu I, coll. Gerd Koch 1965","license":"CC BY-NC-SA 4.0","source_page":"https://id.smb.museum/object/2025365","rehosted":true,"representative":true,"caption":"An Abelam ulke-maira from Kalabu, wound with its cord.","pool_id":"auto-PNG10_smb_vi48559"},"slug":"png7-boiken"}