{"id":"PEREZDEARCE2025-002","label":"Tiwanaku stone bullroarer","people_or_site":"Reportedly found at Tiwanaku; held (per the source) by the Museo de Tiwanaku","country_current":"Bolivia","historic_region":"Tiwanaku archaeological complex, La Paz Department, Bolivian Altiplano (reportedly)","macroregion":"South America","local_name":"posible zumbador de piedra","source_term":"POSIBLE ZUMBADOR DE PIEDRA","source_language":"Spanish","object_description":"An oval stone object with a lateral perforation described as a handle (asa); known only through a reconstruction drawing based on Carlos Ostermann's verbal description, not a photograph. The published drawing shows a schematic oval with a small paired-hole feature near one edge labelled ASA, plus several additional edge features and dotted internal lines whose meaning (perforations, grooves, damage, decoration, or a thickness indication) is not explained by the source and should not be read beyond the caption.","function_summary":"Reportedly tested by Carlos Ostermann, who tied a cord to the lateral perforation, used as a handle, spun the object, and obtained a very high-pitched sound.","attestation_type":"archaeological_find","source_key":"perezdearce2025_tiwanaku_stone_bullroarer","source_type":"academic_article_pdf","source_url":"https://www.joseperezdearcea.cl/_files/ugd/163345_219bcd774fa1489bbaacbb3e4adfb3a4.pdf","page_or_plate":"pp. 1803-1831; fig. 1915 on printed p. 1821 (PDF p. 28)","map_confidence":"low","plot_status":"candidate_only","coordinate_basis":"Tiwanaku archaeological complex site anchor (Wikidata/public coordinate). The object is only \"reportedly found at\" Tiwanaku, with no excavation locus, square, or stratigraphic record published, so this is a site-level anchor for a reported find, not a findspot coordinate.","jade_complex_role":"","blurb":"A stone object reportedly turned up at Tiwanaku, on Bolivia's altiplano, and is known today only through a drawing made from another man's description of it. Carlos Ostermann, who is the source of that description, told José Pérez de Arce that he tied a cord to a hole cut through one side of the stone, used as a handle, and spun it — and that it gave off a very high-pitched sound. The Museo de Tiwanaku is the only home named for it.","pull_quote":"fue probado por Carlos Ostermann atando una cuerda a la perforación lateral, usada como asa, y haciéndolo girar. Emite un sonido muy agudo.","pull_quote_translation":"it was tested by Carlos Ostermann, who tied a cord to the lateral perforation, used as a handle, and spun it. It gives off a very high-pitched sound.","pull_quote_cite":"Pérez de Arce 2025, p. 1821","term_gloss":"zumbador de piedra (Spanish): \"stone bullroarer/buzzer\"; asa (Spanish): \"handle,\" the source's own label for the lateral perforation used to hold/spin the object.","cls":"unknown","class_label":"Function not recorded","color":"#6B7884","is_candidate":true,"flags":[],"f_jade_complex":false,"f_women_taboo":false,"f_women_special":false,"f_snake":false,"f_archaeology":true,"archaeology_kind":"object","date_display":"c. AD 180–1100","date_qualification":"Broad site horizon; object not directly dated.","date_basis":"broad_context","date_confidence":"low","date_citation":"perezdearce2025_tiwanaku_stone_bullroarer, Pérez de Arce 2025 p. 1821 fig. 1915; Marsh et al. 2023; UNESCO Tiwanaku site history","sources":[{"citation":"José Pérez de Arce, 'Aerófonos sin resonador, aerófonos de aire a presión,' in Instrumentos Sonoros Sudamericanos, Parte XXXVII (Valparaíso: Chimuchina Récords, 2025), pp. 1803-1831, at p. 1821, fig. 1915","url":"https://www.joseperezdearcea.cl/_files/ugd/163345_219bcd774fa1489bbaacbb3e4adfb3a4.pdf","archive":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261012235112/https://www.joseperezdearcea.cl/_files/ugd/163345_219bcd774fa1489bbaacbb3e4adfb3a4.pdf"}],"source_citations":"José Pérez de Arce, 'Aerófonos sin resonador, aerófonos de aire a presión,' in Instrumentos Sonoros Sudamericanos, Parte XXXVII (Valparaíso: Chimuchina Récords, 2025), pp. 1803-1831, at p. 1821, fig. 1915","source_display":"José Pérez de Arce, 'Aerófonos sin resonador, aerófonos de aire a presión,' in Instrumentos Sonoros Sudamericanos, Parte XXXVII (Valparaíso: Chimuchina Récords, 2025), pp. 1803-1831, at p. 1821, fig. 1915","date_citation_display":"Pérez de Arce 2025 p. 1821 fig. 1915; Marsh et al. 2023; UNESCO Tiwanaku site history","object_display":"An oval stone object with a lateral perforation described as a handle (asa); known only through a reconstruction drawing based on Carlos Ostermann's verbal description, not a photograph. The published drawing shows a schematic oval with a small paired-hole feature near one edge labelled ASA, plus several additional edge features and dotted internal lines whose meaning (perforations, grooves, damage, decoration, or a thickness indication) is not explained by the source and should not be read beyond the caption.","function_display":"Reportedly tested by Carlos Ostermann, who tied a cord to the lateral perforation, used as a handle, spun the object, and obtained a very high-pitched sound.","confidence_display":"low","attestation_label":"archaeological find","etymology_hedge":"","people_key":"reportedly found","display_name":"Tiwanaku stone bullroarer","image":{"full":"assets/objects/PEREZDEARCE2025-002_fig1915_tiwanaku_reconstruction.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/PEREZDEARCE2025-002_fig1915_tiwanaku_reconstruction_thumb.jpg","alt":"Reconstruction drawing of the oval Tiwanaku stone, based on Carlos Ostermann’s description, with paired holes near the upper edge and dashed lines across its face.","credit":"José Pérez de Arce A., Instrumentos Sonoros Sudamericanos, Parte XXXVII (Chimuchina Récords, Valparaíso, 2025), fig. 1915, p. 1821, drawing based on Carlos Ostermann's description","license":"Author-hosted chapter states \"Se autoriza el uso del contenido citando la fuente\" (use authorized citing the source); rehosted with attribution","source_page":"https://www.joseperezdearcea.cl/_files/ugd/163345_219bcd774fa1489bbaacbb3e4adfb3a4.pdf","rehosted":true,"representative":false,"caption":"Reconstruction drawing of the Tiwanaku stone, based on Carlos Ostermann’s description."},"slug":"perezdearce2025-002-reportedly-found-at-tiwanaku-held-per-the-source-by-the-museo-de-tiwan"}