{"id":"MUS2026-044","label":"Parapara and uriwuri, female and male","people_or_site":"Kamaiurá","country_current":"Brazil","historic_region":"Upper Xingu, Mato Grosso","macroregion":"South America / Brazil","local_name":"parapara / uriwuri / hori-hori (horí-horí)","source_term":"hori hori (Barron); parapara, uriwuri (Bastos 1978)","source_language":"English","object_description":"Bull-roarer of the Kamaiurá, Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford (acc. 1960.6.20). Bastos documents the type as paired lanceolate ywyra blades on whirring cords tied to whirling rods: parapara 83/75 cm, uriwuri 43/35 cm, each pair gendered female/male. Oberg 1953:54 describes the Kamaiurá uriwuri as about 18 inches long, shaped like a fish, and covered with painted zigzag lines or diamond-shaped designs in red over a black or white surface.","function_summary":"A men's-restricted instrument: in the Xingu origin myth twin culture-heroes drive the women off by sounding it and then seize the women's sacred flutes, which women may no longer see.","attestation_type":"museum_specimen","source_key":"pitt_rivers","source_type":"museum_collection","source_url":"https://prm.ox.ac.uk/collections-online#/item/prm-object-39598","page_or_plate":"1960.6.20; Oberg 1953:7, 24, 53-55, 57","map_confidence":"medium","plot_status":"plot","coordinate_basis":"approximate Kamaiurá (Ipavu) area, Upper Xingu","jade_complex_role":"","blurb":"In the Kamaiurá origin story, women were the first flute-players until the twins Sun and Moon drove them off with parapara and uriwuri bullroarers—fierce aquatic spirit-beings, mama'é, of fish and serpent essence. Whirled in gendered pairs, the larger blade is female and “conducting,” the smaller male and “conducted.” In the women's flight, men seized the sacred jakui flutes for themselves. The flutes are kept in the tapuwí at the village center; only men may see or touch them, and a woman who sees them faces gang rape. Elsewhere in Amazonia, Alfred Russel Wallace recorded an even harsher sacred-flute law among Uaupés River peoples: a woman merely suspected of seeing the instruments was executed, “generally by poison”; a father would sacrifice his daughter, or a husband his wife. Kalervo Oberg, working the Xingu in 1948, found the same instrument tied to a tree. The uriwuri is a guardian spirit of the piqui, and its story is a pair of trades: Yanama, the ancestor who made thunder and lightning, got the bullroarer from aika the dogfish for red toucan feathers, then handed it on to the piqui tree in exchange for the knowledge of making piqui oil. Its spirit joins the people at the piqui-harvest ceremony, and when the rains are late the bullroarer is brought out to fetch them.","pull_quote":"The Kamayura say that two male twins, Sun and Moon, scared women flutists away by bellowing through their HORI HORI (bullroarer). As a result, the women left behind their instruments, which were then captured by the twins.","pull_quote_translation":"","pull_quote_cite":"Barron, \"Gender Ideology Reflected in the Flute Symbology of Various New Guinea and South American Indian Cultures\"","term_gloss":"parapara and uriwuri — the paired Kamaiurá bullroarers in Bastos's musicology (1978:122): both free aerophones (zunidores) of ywyra wood, cords tied to whirling rods, played in pairs; parapara 83 and 75 cm, uriwuri 43 and 35 cm. In each pair the larger blade is female, the 'conductor', the smaller male, the 'conducted' (p. 236). 'Hori hori' is Barron's earlier rendering. urivuri (Oberg's spelling, 1953:24, 54): the piqui tree's mama'é, about 18 inches long, fish-shaped, painted in red zigzags or diamonds over black or white.","cls":"restricted","class_label":"Restricted","color":"#A43C2F","is_candidate":false,"flags":["spirit_voice","snake","initiation","women_taboo","women_special","female_priority_myth","agriculture","weather"],"f_jade_complex":false,"f_women_taboo":true,"f_women_special":true,"f_snake":true,"sources":[{"citation":"Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford, 1960.6.20","url":"https://prm.ox.ac.uk/collections-online#/item/prm-object-39598","archive":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260917174840/https://prm.ox.ac.uk/collections-online#/item/prm-object-39663"},{"citation":"Orlando and Cláudio Villas Bôas, Xingu: The Indians, Their Myths (1973), pp. 119–120, 158"},{"citation":"Alfred Russel Wallace, A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro (1853), pp. 348–350, 500–502","url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/71436/pg71436-images.html","archive":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260521024723/https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/71436/pg71436-images.html"},{"citation":"Kalervo Oberg, Indian Tribes of Northern Mato Grosso, Brazil, Smithsonian Institution, Institute of Social Anthropology Publication 15 (1953), pp. 7, 24, 53–55, 57","url":"https://archive.org/details/indiantribesofno00ober"},{"citation":"Barron, “Gender Ideology Reflected in the Flute Symbology of Various New Guinea and South American Indian Cultures”"}],"source_citations":"Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford, 1960.6.20; Orlando and Cláudio Villas Bôas, Xingu: The Indians, Their Myths (1973), pp. 119–120, 158; Alfred Russel Wallace, A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro (1853), pp. 348–350, 500–502; Kalervo Oberg, Indian Tribes of Northern Mato Grosso, Brazil, Smithsonian Institution, Institute of Social Anthropology Publication 15 (1953), pp. 7, 24, 53–55, 57; Barron, “Gender Ideology Reflected in the Flute Symbology of Various New Guinea and South American Indian Cultures”","source_display":"Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford, 1960.6.20; Orlando and Cláudio Villas Bôas, Xingu: The Indians, Their Myths (1973), pp. 119–120, 158; Alfred Russel Wallace, A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro (1853), pp. 348–350, 500–502; Kalervo Oberg, Indian Tribes of Northern Mato Grosso, Brazil, Smithsonian Institution, Institute of Social Anthropology…","date_citation_display":"","object_display":"Bull-roarer of the Kamaiurá, Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford (acc. 1960.6.20). Bastos documents the type as paired lanceolate ywyra blades on whirring cords tied to whirling rods: parapara 83/75 cm, uriwuri 43/35 cm, each pair gendered female/male. Oberg 1953:54 describes the Kamaiurá uriwuri as about 18 inches long, shaped like a fish, and covered with painted zigzag lines or diamond-shaped designs in red over a black or white surface.","function_display":"A men's-restricted instrument: in the Xingu origin myth twin culture-heroes drive the women off by sounding it and then seize the women's sacred flutes, which women may no longer see.","confidence_display":"medium","attestation_label":"museum specimen","etymology_hedge":"","people_key":"kamaiur","display_name":"Parapara and uriwuri, female and male","image":{"full":"assets/objects/prm/prm_39598.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/prm/thumbs/prm_39598_thumb.jpg","alt":"Kamaiurá bullroarer, Pitt Rivers Museum: a pale wooden blade with a bold dark pattern of linked diamonds and a forked end.","credit":"© Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford (acc. 1960.6.20)","license":"© Pitt Rivers Museum — non-commercial/educational reuse with attribution","source_page":"https://prm.ox.ac.uk/collections-online#/item/prm-object-39598","rehosted":true,"representative":false,"caption":"Kamaiurá bull-roarer, Pitt Rivers Museum.","additional":[{"full":"assets/objects/MUS2026-044_bastos1978_parapara.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/MUS2026-044_bastos1978_parapara_thumb.jpg","alt":"Bastos’s studio photograph of a Kamaiurá parapara, its long blade painted with linked diamonds and zigzag bands, with a forked end.","credit":"Rafael José de Menezes Bastos, A Musicológica Kamayurá (1978), p. 235","license":"In copyright — rehosted low-res for non-commercial research","source_page":"https://acervo.socioambiental.org/sites/default/files/documents/KZL00001.pdf","rehosted":true,"representative":false,"caption":"A Kamaiurá parapara in Bastos's studio photograph — the lattice-painted blade whose whirring cord ties to a whirling rod."},{"full":"assets/objects/MUS2026-044_bastos1978_uriwuri.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/MUS2026-044_bastos1978_uriwuri_thumb.jpg","alt":"The uriwuri pair, with pointed fish-shaped blades and pale geometric bands: the larger female “conductor” above the smaller male “conducted.”","credit":"Rafael José de Menezes Bastos, A Musicológica Kamayurá (1978), p. 236","license":"In copyright — rehosted low-res for non-commercial research","source_page":"https://acervo.socioambiental.org/sites/default/files/documents/KZL00001.pdf","rehosted":true,"representative":false,"caption":"The uriwuri pair: the larger blade is female, the 'conductor'; the smaller is male, the 'conducted'."},{"full":"assets/objects/review_2026_07_18/MUS2026-044_prm_1960_6_21_1.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/review_2026_07_18/thumbs/MUS2026-044_prm_1960_6_21_1_thumb.jpg","credit":"© Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford (acc. 1960.6.21.1)","license":"© Pitt Rivers Museum — non-commercial/educational reuse with attribution","source_page":"https://prm.ox.ac.uk/collections-online#/item/prm-object-39599","rehosted":true,"representative":false,"caption":"Kamaiurá fish-form blade with a forked tail at the cord end, painted with black zigzag lattice."},{"full":"assets/objects/review_2026_07_18/MUS2026-044_prm_1960_6_21_2.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/review_2026_07_18/thumbs/MUS2026-044_prm_1960_6_21_2_thumb.jpg","alt":"The sibling fish-blade: black mirrored chevrons on pale wood, with a short cord at its notched tail end.","credit":"© Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford (acc. 1960.6.21.2)","license":"© Pitt Rivers Museum — non-commercial/educational reuse with attribution","source_page":"https://prm.ox.ac.uk/collections-online#/item/prm-object-260153","rehosted":true,"representative":false,"caption":"The sibling fish-blade: black chevrons on pale wood, its string knotted through the pointed tail."}]},"slug":"mus2026-044-kamaiura"}