{"id":"MUS2026-007","label":"Kamia roarer in toloache country","people_or_site":"Kamia (Kumeyaay)","country_current":"United States","historic_region":"Rincon Reservation, San Diego County, California (NMAI place field)","macroregion":"North America / California","local_name":"","source_term":"bull-roarer","source_language":"English","object_description":"Bull-roarer of the Kamia (Kumeyaay), in the collection of the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI).","function_summary":"Museum-withheld as culturally sensitive; no use recorded for this specimen. Mid-1930s Kamia (KwoL) testimony reported the bullroarer as a toy.","attestation_type":"museum_specimen","source_key":"smithsonian_nmai","source_type":"museum_collection","source_url":"http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws6890f3888","page_or_plate":"National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI)","map_confidence":"medium","plot_status":"plot","coordinate_basis":"Rincon Reservation, the place named on the NMAI record for 6/5508; approximate. Earlier Imperial Valley centroid was inferred from the Kamia label.","jade_complex_role":"","blurb":"The Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian holds a bull-roarer of the Kamia, the desert division of the Kumeyaay who raised maize, beans, and teparies on the floodplains of California's Imperial Valley, and withholds its image as a culturally sensitive object. Among the Kumeyaay the ceremonial sound-makers were gourd and turtle-shell rattles and reed flutes, and the boys' initiation centered on the toloache rite, in which they drank a datura infusion, fasted, and danced until the drug brought on a vision meant to guide them for life. A Kamia man of the KwoL clan, questioned in the mid-1930s, remembered the bullroarer among his people as a toy rather than a ceremonial call.","pull_quote":"","pull_quote_translation":"","pull_quote_cite":"","term_gloss":"","cls":"unknown","class_label":"Function not recorded","color":"#6B7884","is_candidate":false,"flags":["toy_survival"],"f_jade_complex":false,"f_women_taboo":false,"f_women_special":false,"f_snake":false,"sources":[{"citation":"Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian, 6/5508","url":"http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws6890f3888"}],"source_citations":"Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian, 6/5508","source_display":"Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian, 6/5508","date_citation_display":"","object_display":"Bull-roarer of the Kamia (Kumeyaay), in the collection of the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI).","function_display":"Museum-withheld as culturally sensitive; no use recorded for this specimen. Mid-1930s Kamia (KwoL) testimony reported the bullroarer as a toy.","confidence_display":"medium","attestation_label":"museum specimen","etymology_hedge":"","people_key":"kamia","display_name":"Kamia roarer in toloache country","image":{"full":"assets/objects/NA-S1952-010.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/NA-S1952-010_thumb.jpg","alt":"Tohono O’odham bullroarer from Arizona, with a weathered blade and fibre cord.","credit":"Kulturhistorisk museum, Universitetet i Oslo (UEM29633)","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","source_page":"https://digitaltmuseum.org/0210213513414","rehosted":true,"representative":true,"caption":"Tohono O’odham bullroarer from Arizona, with a weathered blade and fibre cord."},"slug":"mus2026-007-kumeyaay-diegueno-catalogued-kamia"}