{"id":"LOEB1932-003","label":"Kinaupo, the mountain-men's initiation","people_or_site":"Southeastern Pomo of Elem (Sulphur Bank)","country_current":"United States","historic_region":"California, Lake County, Clear Lake (Elem, Sulphur Bank)","macroregion":"North America / California","local_name":"","source_term":"bullroarer","source_language":"English","object_description":"Bullroarer sounded in the Southeastern Pomo Ghost ceremony (kinaupo); its name was forgotten and its form is not described.","function_summary":"Sounded during kinaupo, the Ghost initiation every boy underwent, run by the Huan xoi secret society.","attestation_type":"ethnographic_attestation","source_key":"loeb_1932_western_kuksu","source_type":"primary_ethnography","source_url":"https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucp033-002.pdf","page_or_plate":"pp. 2, 125–127","map_confidence":"medium_high","plot_status":"plot","coordinate_basis":"Elem, the Southeastern Pomo community at Sulphur Bank on the east shore of Clear Lake (Loeb p. 2, informant Tom Leon of Elem); the dance house of his initiation is not located.","jade_complex_role":"","blurb":"During kinaupo, the Ghost initiation of the Southeastern Pomo at Elem on Clear Lake, a bullroarer sounded in the dance house. Every boy went through it. Tom Leon was about twelve when his elder brother brought him in; for four days he lay mostly under a rabbit-skin blanket, used a scratching stick, and drank water only morning and evening. The ghosts, tsina mafon or 'mountain men', ran in from the hills by day and night, in twig half-masks, painted black or white, some with fire in their hair. They swallowed glowing embers and threw the 'mean' boys over the fire. Some carried bull snakes and gopher snakes, which the firetender laid on the aching places of the sick before setting them free. The rite belonged to a society headed by the Huan xoi, an office that passed to a man's sister's son and stood apart from the village chiefs.","pull_quote":"The bullroarer was sounded during the Ghost ceremony, but my informant forgot the name of the instrument.","pull_quote_translation":"","pull_quote_cite":"Loeb, \"The Western Kuksu Cult\" (1932), p. 127 (Southeastern Pomo).","term_gloss":"kinaupo: the Southeastern Pomo Ghost ceremony; tsina mafon, 'mountain men': the ghosts; Huan xoi: the head, and the members, of the secret society; tenel: the rabbit-skin blanket of the novice.","cls":"restricted","class_label":"Restricted","color":"#A43C2F","is_candidate":false,"flags":["snake","initiation"],"f_jade_complex":false,"f_women_taboo":false,"f_women_special":false,"f_snake":true,"sources":[{"citation":"Edwin M. Loeb, 'The Western Kuksu Cult', University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(1) (1932): 1–137, pp. 2, 125–127","url":"https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucp033-002.pdf"}],"source_citations":"Edwin M. Loeb, 'The Western Kuksu Cult', University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(1) (1932): 1–137, pp. 2, 125–127","source_display":"Edwin M. Loeb, 'The Western Kuksu Cult', University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(1) (1932): 1–137, pp. 2, 125–127","date_citation_display":"","object_display":"Bullroarer sounded in the Southeastern Pomo Ghost ceremony (kinaupo); its name was forgotten and its form is not described.","function_display":"","confidence_display":"medium to high","attestation_label":"ethnographic attestation","etymology_hedge":"","people_key":"southeastern pomo","display_name":"Kinaupo, the mountain-men's initiation","image":{"full":"assets/objects/archaeology_four_2026/gunther-loud-full-plate20.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/archaeology_four_2026/gunther-loud-full-plate20_thumb.jpg","alt":"A historical photographic plate displays clay objects and worked bone, with the two decorated Tuluwat fragments numbered 12 and 13 near the bottom.","credit":"L. L. Loud1918, plate20","source_page":"https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/82772","rehosted":true,"representative":true,"caption":"Comparison plate: Tuluwat finds 1–14 alongside Yurok/Klamath River…","pool_id":"auto-archaeology_four_2026--gunther-loud-full-plate20","auto_assigned":true,"last_modified":"2026-10-19"},"slug":"loeb1932-003-southeastern-pomo-of-elem-sulphur-bank"}