{"id":"EXH2026-059","label":"Bagbwa (egburuburu)","people_or_site":"Bagbwa","country_current":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","historic_region":"NE Congo (Bira borderlands)","macroregion":"Africa / Central Africa","local_name":"egburuburu","source_term":"bullroarer","source_language":"English","object_description":"Bullroarer, called egburuburu.","function_summary":"Not recorded.","attestation_type":"secondary_catalog","source_key":"exhaustiveness2026","source_type":"comparative_secondary","source_url":"https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6167744W","page_or_plate":"de Hen 1960, Schwirrholz (bullroarer) section (onomatopoeic name cluster incl. egburuburu); cited via Grove, s.v. \"Bull-roarer\"","map_confidence":"low_medium","plot_status":"plot_with_caveat","coordinate_basis":"NE DRC, approximate","jade_complex_role":"","blurb":"Among the Bagbwa of the Bira borderlands in northeastern Congo, the bullroarer carries the name egburuburu, an echo of its own whirring drone; the neighbouring Mamvu call their version arumvu-rumvu. Up and down the region the names whir alike: kundrukundru for the Andowi and their neighbours, kunzukunzu for the Aimeri, mbirimbiri for the Bangba and Mayogo.","pull_quote":"egburuburu / arumvu-rumvu","pull_quote_translation":"","pull_quote_cite":"K. A. Gourlay, 'Bullroarer,' Grove Music Online (after F. J. de Hen, 1960).","term_gloss":"egburuburu: the Bagbwa word for the bullroarer.","cls":"unknown","class_label":"Function not recorded","color":"#6B7884","is_candidate":false,"flags":[],"f_jade_complex":false,"f_women_taboo":false,"f_women_special":false,"f_snake":false,"etymology":"egburuburu imitates the bullroarer's whirring, roaring sound.","literal_gloss":"","semantic_cluster":"motion_sound","etymology_confidence":"medium","sources":[{"citation":"F. J. de Hen, Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Musikinstrumente aus Belgisch Kongo und Ruanda-Urundi (doctoral dissertation, Köln; Tervuren, 1960); K. A. Gourlay, 'Bullroarer,' Grove Music Online","url":"https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6167744W"}],"source_citations":"F. J. de Hen, Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Musikinstrumente aus Belgisch Kongo und Ruanda-Urundi (doctoral dissertation, Köln; Tervuren, 1960); K. A. Gourlay, 'Bullroarer,' Grove Music Online","source_display":"F. J. de Hen, Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Musikinstrumente aus Belgisch Kongo und Ruanda-Urundi (doctoral dissertation, Köln; Tervuren, 1960); K. A. Gourlay, 'Bullroarer,' Grove Music Online","date_citation_display":"","object_display":"Bullroarer, called egburuburu.","function_display":"Not recorded.","confidence_display":"low to medium","attestation_label":"secondary catalog","etymology_hedge":"","people_key":"bagbwa","display_name":"Bagbwa (egburuburu)","image":{"full":"assets/objects/expansion_2026_07/EXH2026-041_rmca_8520.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/expansion_2026_07/EXH2026-041_rmca_8520.jpg","alt":"Kereboro bullroarer rig: a decorated lens-shaped blade hangs from a cord beside a long straight handle.","credit":"Collection RMCA / AfricaMuseum, Tervuren (MO.0.0.8520); photograph J. Van de Vyver","license":"CC BY 4.0","source_page":"https://mimo-international.com/media/RMCA/IMAGE/MO.0.0.8520_WEB_01.jpg","rehosted":true,"representative":true,"caption":"A Kereboro egburuburu, its lens-shaped blade corded to a handle.","pool_id":"auto-expansion_2026_07--EXH2026-041_rmca_8520"},"slug":"exh2026-059-bagbwa-egburuburu-arumvu-rumvu"}