{"id":"EXH2026-045","label":"Andebogo (kundrukundru)","people_or_site":"Andebogo (Mangbetu cluster)","country_current":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","historic_region":"NE Congo","macroregion":"Africa / Central Africa","local_name":"kundrukundru","source_term":"bullroarer (New Grove cross-entry)","source_language":"English","object_description":"Bullroarer, called kundrukundru.","function_summary":"The Andebogo name for the bullroarer is recorded; no use is described.","attestation_type":"secondary_catalog","source_key":"exhaustiveness2026","source_type":"comparative_secondary","source_url":"https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0002unse_w8l1","page_or_plate":"New Grove Dict. of Musical Instruments (1984), s.v. \"Kundrukundru\" (cross-ref \"See ATUAMBA\")","map_confidence":"low_medium","plot_status":"plot_with_caveat","coordinate_basis":"Mangbetu-area microgroup, approximate","jade_complex_role":"","blurb":"The Andebogo of the northeastern Congo are recorded as one of four small peoples — alongside the Adoi, Amanga and Andowi — whose bull-roarer carries the name kundrukundru. The reference that preserves the word, the New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments, gives only the term and routes the reader onward with \"See ATUAMBA,\" the regional family of NE-Congo bull-roarers sounded at boys' initiation. The dictionary offers no Andebogo-specific account of how the instrument was used, who was permitted to see it, or whether it belonged to a men's cult; that initiation reading is documented for the wider atuamba complex and its better-attested neighbours, not for the Andebogo by name.","pull_quote":"Kundrukundru. BULLROARER of the Adoi, Amanga, Andebogo and Andowi [peoples of Zaire]. See ATUAMBA.","pull_quote_translation":"","pull_quote_cite":"New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments, ed. Sadie (1984), s.v. \"Kundrukundru\"","term_gloss":"kundrukundru: the bull-roarer name recorded for the Andebogo, shared with the Adoi, Amanga and Andowi and cross-referenced to the regional \"atuamba\" family.","cls":"unknown","class_label":"Function not recorded","color":"#6B7884","is_candidate":false,"flags":[],"f_jade_complex":false,"f_women_taboo":false,"f_women_special":false,"f_snake":false,"etymology":"An onomatopoeic name echoing the instrument's whirring buzz, shared with the Adoi, Amanga and Andowi; it is not a decomposable lexical word.","literal_gloss":"","semantic_cluster":"motion_sound","etymology_confidence":"medium","sources":[{"citation":"New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments, ed. Stanley Sadie (London: Macmillan, 1984), s.v. 'Kundrukundru'","url":"https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0002unse_w8l1"}],"source_citations":"New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments, ed. Stanley Sadie (London: Macmillan, 1984), s.v. 'Kundrukundru'","source_display":"New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments, ed. Stanley Sadie (London: Macmillan, 1984), s.v. 'Kundrukundru'","date_citation_display":"","object_display":"Bullroarer, called kundrukundru.","function_display":"The Andebogo name for the bullroarer is recorded; no use is described.","confidence_display":"low to medium","attestation_label":"secondary catalog","etymology_hedge":"","people_key":"andebogo","display_name":"Andebogo (kundrukundru)","image":{"full":"assets/objects/MUS2026-182_wmw_91302_bulu_zauberholz.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/MUS2026-182_wmw_91302_bulu_zauberholz_thumb.jpg","alt":"Incised Bulu Zauberholz from Sangmelima, with a rounded head bearing geometric patterns and a short cord.","credit":"© KHM-Museumsverband (Weltmuseum Wien), inv. 91302","license":"CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (KHM-Museumsverband / Weltmuseum Wien) — ©KHM-Museumsverband credit required; rehosted low-res","source_page":"https://www.weltmuseumwien.at/en/objects/schwirrholz-786199-1","rehosted":true,"representative":true,"caption":"Incised Bulu wooden blade, Weltmuseum Wien","pool_id":"auto-MUS2026-182_wmw_91302_bulu_zauberholz"},"slug":"exh2026-045-andebogo-mangbetu-cluster"}