{"id":"EXH2026-044","label":"Amanga (kundrukundru)","people_or_site":"Amanga (Mangbetu cluster)","country_current":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","historic_region":"NE Congo","macroregion":"Africa / Central Africa","local_name":"kundrukundru","source_term":"bullroarer (New Grove cross-entry)","source_language":"English","object_description":"Bullroarer, called kundrukundru.","function_summary":"Not recorded.","attestation_type":"secondary_catalog","source_key":"exhaustiveness2026","source_type":"comparative_secondary","source_url":"https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/","page_or_plate":"Grove Music Online, \"Bullroarer\" (Gourlay), onomatopoeic-names paragraph after de Hen; primary: de Hen 1960 (Tervuren, 259 pp.)","map_confidence":"low","plot_status":"plot_with_caveat","coordinate_basis":"Mangbetu-area microgroup, approximate","jade_complex_role":"","blurb":"Among the Amanga, one of the small Mangbetu-cluster peoples of the north-eastern Congo, the bullroarer is called kundrukundru. The name belongs to a run of echoing Congo names whose very sound mimics the whirring instrument: the Adoi, Andebogo and Andowi call it kundrukundru too, the Bagbwa and Mamvu egburuburu, the Bangba mbirimbiri.","pull_quote":"the varied names collected by de Hen suggest an onomatopoeic derivation, for example, the Adoi, Amanga, Andebogo and Andowi kundrukundru","pull_quote_translation":"","pull_quote_cite":"K.A. Gourlay, \"Bullroarer,\" Grove Music Online (after F.J. de Hen, Belgisch Kongo und Ruanda-Urundi, 1960)","term_gloss":"kundrukundru: the Amanga (Mangbetu-cluster) name for the bullroarer, an onomatopoeic term collected by de Hen and shared with the neighbouring Adoi, Andebogo and Andowi.","cls":"unknown","class_label":"Function not recorded","color":"#6B7884","is_candidate":false,"flags":[],"f_jade_complex":false,"f_women_taboo":false,"f_women_special":false,"f_snake":false,"etymology":"An onomatopoeic name: the reduplicated word imitates the instrument's whirring roar. It is shared with the neighbouring Adoi, Andebogo and Andowi.","literal_gloss":"","semantic_cluster":"motion_sound","etymology_confidence":"medium","sources":[{"citation":"K. A. Gourlay, 'Bullroarer,' Grove Music Online, after F. J. de Hen, Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Musikinstrumente aus Belgisch Kongo und Ruanda-Urundi (doctoral dissertation, Köln; Tervuren, 1960)","url":"https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/","archive":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260913141403/https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/"}],"source_citations":"K. A. Gourlay, 'Bullroarer,' Grove Music Online, after F. J. de Hen, Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Musikinstrumente aus Belgisch Kongo und Ruanda-Urundi (doctoral dissertation, Köln; Tervuren, 1960)","source_display":"K. A. Gourlay, 'Bullroarer,' Grove Music Online, after F. J. de Hen, Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Musikinstrumente aus Belgisch Kongo und Ruanda-Urundi (doctoral dissertation, Köln; Tervuren, 1960)","date_citation_display":"","object_display":"Bullroarer, called kundrukundru.","function_display":"Not recorded.","confidence_display":"low","attestation_label":"secondary catalog","etymology_hedge":"","people_key":"amanga","display_name":"Amanga (kundrukundru)","image":{"full":"assets/objects/LEBEUF1938-001_lebeuf1938-001-mqb-71-1938-46-244-sahara.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/LEBEUF1938-001_lebeuf1938-001-mqb-71-1938-46-244-sahara_thumb.jpg","alt":"A broad, flat wooden Sahara-Cameroun mission rhombe with cord wrapped around its middle and loose loops at one end.","credit":"© Musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac (71.1938.46.244 Em)","license":"Rights reserved (© musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac); rehosted for non-commercial research","source_page":"https://collections.quaibranly.fr/#/objet/391502","rehosted":true,"representative":true,"caption":"Cord-wrapped wooden rhombe, Sahara-Cameroun mission","pool_id":"auto-LEBEUF1938-001_lebeuf1938-001-mqb-71-1938-46-244-sahara"},"slug":"exh2026-044-amanga-mangbetu-cluster"}