{"id":"EXH2026-039","label":"Zande (gilingwa)","people_or_site":"Zande (Azande)","country_current":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","historic_region":"NE Congo","macroregion":"Africa / Central Africa","local_name":"gilingwa","source_term":"bullroarer (New Grove cross-entry)","source_language":"English","object_description":"Bullroarer, called gilingwa.","function_summary":"The Zande name for the bullroarer is recorded; no use is described.","attestation_type":"secondary_catalog","source_key":"exhaustiveness2026","source_type":"comparative_secondary","source_url":"https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000004305","page_or_plate":"Grove Music Online \"Bullroarer\" (Gourlay), Central Africa naming section; primary: de Hen 1960 (Tervuren, 259 pp.)","map_confidence":"low_medium","plot_status":"plot_with_caveat","coordinate_basis":"Zande heartland, NE DRC (extends into S. Sudan/CAR)","jade_complex_role":"","blurb":"For the Zande of the north-eastern Congo the bullroarer is gilingwa. Most Congo names for the instrument simply echo its whirring roar, but the Zande word stands apart from that chorus: it does not imitate the sound. What the roar meant to the Zande is lost.","pull_quote":"this pattern is not always followed, as with the Mbole inano, Nyali upa and Zande gilingwa","pull_quote_translation":"","pull_quote_cite":"K.A. Gourlay, \"Bullroarer,\" Grove Music Online, citing F.J. de Hen 1960","term_gloss":"gilingwa = the Zande (Azande) name for the bullroarer, recorded by F.J. de Hen (1960); unlike most Congo bullroarer names it is not onomatopoeic.","cls":"unknown","class_label":"Function not recorded","color":"#6B7884","is_candidate":false,"flags":[],"f_jade_complex":false,"f_women_taboo":false,"f_women_special":false,"f_snake":false,"sources":[{"citation":"K. A. Gourlay, 'Bullroarer,' Grove Music Online, after F. J. de Hen, Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Musikinstrumente aus Belgisch Kongo und Ruanda-Urundi (doctoral dissertation, Köln; Tervuren, 1960)","url":"https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000004305","archive":"https://web.archive.org/web/20250420182545/https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000004305"}],"source_citations":"K. A. Gourlay, 'Bullroarer,' Grove Music Online, after F. J. de Hen, Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Musikinstrumente aus Belgisch Kongo und Ruanda-Urundi (doctoral dissertation, Köln; Tervuren, 1960)","source_display":"K. A. Gourlay, 'Bullroarer,' Grove Music Online, after F. J. de Hen, Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Musikinstrumente aus Belgisch Kongo und Ruanda-Urundi (doctoral dissertation, Köln; Tervuren, 1960)","date_citation_display":"","object_display":"Bullroarer, called gilingwa.","function_display":"The Zande name for the bullroarer is recorded; no use is described.","confidence_display":"low to medium","attestation_label":"secondary catalog","etymology_hedge":"","people_key":"zande","display_name":"Zande (gilingwa)","image":{"full":"assets/objects/MUS2026-094_mus2026-094-mqb-71-1931-74-2802-mangisa-.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/MUS2026-094_mus2026-094-mqb-71-1931-74-2802-mangisa-_thumb.jpg","alt":"Mangisa Imbakiyam from Sa’a, Cameroon: a broad leaf-shaped wooden blade with fibre cord through one end and looping across its face.","credit":"© Musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac, 71.1931.74.2802","license":"Rights reserved (© Musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac); authorization required for reproduction; proposed for non-commercial research.","source_page":"https://collections.quaibranly.fr/?action=search&field=/Record/ObjectNumber&value=71.1931.74.2802","rehosted":true,"representative":true,"caption":"Sa’a oval wooden blade with fibre cord, Cameroon","pool_id":"auto-MUS2026-094_mus2026-094-mqb-71-1931-74-2802-mangisa-"},"slug":"exh2026-039-zande-azande"}