{"id":"EXH2026-035","label":"Bapere (atuamba)","people_or_site":"Bapere (Pere)","country_current":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","historic_region":"Pere country, North Kivu (Manguredjipa area)","macroregion":"Africa / Central Africa","local_name":"atuamba","source_term":"atuamba (bull-roarer)","source_language":"English","object_description":"Bull-roarer whirled about the head.","function_summary":"Sounded at the circumcision rite.","attestation_type":"ethnographic_attestation","source_key":"exhaustiveness2026","source_type":"secondary_literature","source_url":"https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/items/b9573a53-72f3-4bd4-9b8f-9be0313379b9?q=%22atuamba%2C+or+bull-roarer%22","page_or_plate":"Brandel 1961 p. 26","map_confidence":"medium_high","plot_status":"plot_with_caveat","coordinate_basis":"Pere country, North Kivu, approximate","jade_complex_role":"","blurb":"Among the Bapere of the forest of Lubero Territory, west of Lake Edward in what is now North Kivu, the bull-roarer is whirled about the head at the boys' circumcision rite and goes by the name atuamba. Rose Brandel described it in her study of the music of the Belgian Congo and placed it among the lusumba — the Bapere word for the esoteric practices and taboo objects of the men's secret world, the same domain the neighboring Bakumu call esumba. The atuamba's voice belonged to that hidden order, sounded at the cutting that made boys into men.","pull_quote":"","pull_quote_translation":"","pull_quote_cite":"","term_gloss":"atuamba — the Bapere name for the bull-roarer sounded at the circumcision rite.","cls":"restricted","class_label":"Restricted","color":"#A43C2F","is_candidate":false,"flags":["initiation"],"f_jade_complex":false,"f_women_taboo":false,"f_women_special":false,"f_snake":false,"sources":[{"citation":"Rose Brandel, The Music of Central Africa (1961), p. 26; Kaufmann 1990; MGG 14: 1229-1231","url":"https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/items/b9573a53-72f3-4bd4-9b8f-9be0313379b9?q=%22atuamba%2C+or+bull-roarer%22","archive":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261013125042/https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/items/b9573a53-72f3-4bd4-9b8f-9be0313379b9?q=%22atuamba%2C+or+bull-roarer%22"}],"source_citations":"Rose Brandel, The Music of Central Africa (1961), p. 26; Kaufmann 1990; MGG 14: 1229-1231","source_display":"Rose Brandel, The Music of Central Africa (1961), p. 26; Kaufmann 1990; MGG 14: 1229-1231","date_citation_display":"","object_display":"Bull-roarer whirled about the head.","function_display":"","confidence_display":"medium to high","attestation_label":"ethnographic attestation","etymology_hedge":"","people_key":"bapere","display_name":"Bapere (atuamba)","image":{"full":"assets/objects/museum_harvest/bm_E_Af1909-0513-212.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/museum_harvest/thumbs/bm_E_Af1909-0513-212_thumb.jpg","credit":"© The Trustees of the British Museum (E/Af1909-0513-212)","license":"CC BY-NC-SA 4.0","source_page":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1909-0513-212","rehosted":true,"representative":true,"caption":"A Luba palm-leaf roarer (British Museum).","pool_id":"auto-museum_harvest--bm_E_Af1909-0513-212"},"slug":"exh2026-035-bapere-pere"}