{"id":"EUROPE-006","label":"Aitzbitarte IV cave","people_or_site":"Aitzbitarte IV cave","country_current":"Spain","historic_region":"Magdalenian Cantabrian (Errenteria, Gipuzkoa)","macroregion":"Europe / Iberia","local_name":"bramadera","source_term":"bramadera","source_language":"","object_description":"Four bone bramaderas (one complete, three fragmentary) from Magdalenian superior to Azilian transition levels.","function_summary":"Whirled-cord aerophone.","attestation_type":"secondary_catalog","source_key":"mining2026","source_type":"secondary_literature","source_url":"https://www.bizkaia.eus/fitxategiak/04/ondarea/Kobie/PDF/7/Kobie_BAI_06_web-7.pdf","page_or_plate":"pp.151-152","map_confidence":"high","plot_status":"plot","coordinate_basis":"approximate territory centroid (mining 2026)","jade_complex_role":"","blurb":"Four flat bone strips from the cave of Aitzbitarte IV, near Errenteria in Gipuzkoa, have been read as bullroarers — bramaderas, in Spanish — recovered by José Miguel de Barandiarán's excavations of 1963 and 1964 and kept in the municipal museum at San Sebastián. The most complete is a plano-convex sliver of bone about 106 by 15 mm, a small suspension hole near one end and the other tapering to a point, its only decoration plain longitudinal scratches grouped at each tip; it lay in the layer where the last Magdalenian gives way to the Azilian, the other three in the Magdalenian levels beneath. Whirled on a long cord, the type gives a roaring hum, like the Australian churinga.","pull_quote":"varilla de hueso plana, con orificio de suspensión (bramadera)","pull_quote_translation":"flat bone rod, with a suspension hole (bullroarer)","pull_quote_cite":"Barandiarán, «Bramaderas» en el Paleolítico Superior peninsular (Pyrenae), quoting J. M. de Barandiarán's excavation report on Aitzbitarte IV (Campaña de 1964)","term_gloss":"bramadera: Spanish for a bullroarer; also called zumbador or rombo.","cls":"sacred","class_label":"Sacred / spirit","color":"#8A5A2B","is_candidate":false,"flags":["spirit_voice"],"f_jade_complex":false,"f_women_taboo":false,"f_women_special":false,"f_snake":false,"f_archaeology":true,"archaeology_kind":"object","date_display":"c. 13,000–9000 BC","date_qualification":"Upper Magdalenian to Azilian-transition levels; objects not directly dated.","date_basis":"stratigraphic","date_confidence":"high","date_citation":"mining2026, pp.151-152","etymology":"'Roarer/bellower' — named because the whirled sound is \"like the bellowing of the wind\"; a Castilian term shared with the children's noise-toy bramador or zumbador.","literal_gloss":"'roarer/bellower' (the instrument whose whirled sound is 'like the bellowing of the wind'); Castilian, named as a simile of the children's noise-toy bramador / zumbador / rombo","semantic_cluster":"weather / motion_sound / toy_or_game","etymology_confidence":"medium","sources":[{"citation":"Barandiaran Maestu (1971/2012), in Kobie BAI 6 (2015), pp. 151-152","url":"https://www.bizkaia.eus/fitxategiak/04/ondarea/Kobie/PDF/7/Kobie_BAI_06_web-7.pdf","archive":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240530134905/https://www.bizkaia.eus/fitxategiak/04/ondarea/Kobie/PDF/7/Kobie_BAI_06_web-7.pdf"},{"citation":"Barandiarán, “Bramaderas” en el Paleolítico Superior peninsular, Pyrenae, quoting J. M. de Barandiarán’s Aitzbitarte IV excavation report (Campaña de 1964)"}],"source_citations":"Barandiaran Maestu (1971/2012), in Kobie BAI 6 (2015), pp. 151-152; Barandiarán, “Bramaderas” en el Paleolítico Superior peninsular, Pyrenae, quoting J. M. de Barandiarán’s Aitzbitarte IV excavation report (Campaña de 1964)","source_display":"Barandiaran Maestu (1971/2012), in Kobie BAI 6 (2015), pp. 151-152; Barandiarán, “Bramaderas” en el Paleolítico Superior peninsular, Pyrenae, quoting J. M. de Barandiarán’s Aitzbitarte IV excavation report (Campaña de 1964)","date_citation_display":"Mining 2026, pp.151-152","object_display":"Four bone bramaderas (one complete, three fragmentary) from Magdalenian superior to Azilian transition levels.","function_display":"Whirled-cord aerophone.","confidence_display":"high","attestation_label":"secondary catalog","etymology_hedge":"","people_key":"aitzbitarte cave","display_name":"Aitzbitarte IV cave","image":{"full":"assets/objects/MINE2026-060.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/MINE2026-060_thumb.jpg","credit":"Barandiarán Maestu, Kobie BAI 6 (2015) Fig. 4 (comparative line drawings)","license":"Open access — Diputación Foral de Bizkaia (Kobie series)","source_page":"https://www.bizkaia.eus/fitxategiak/04/ondarea/Kobie/PDF/7/Kobie_BAI_06_web-7.pdf","rehosted":true,"representative":false,"caption":"Comparative line-drawings of Magdalenian bramaderas (Aitzbitarte IV is 2nd from left); Kobie 2015 Fig. 4."},"slug":"europe-006-aitzbitarte-iv-cave"}