{"id":"CHAPATTE-001","label":"Tsonga ximbvun’wana on a handle","people_or_site":"Tsonga (Xitsonga speakers)","country_current":"South Africa / Mozambique","historic_region":"Xitsonga-speaking lowveld (Limpopo and Mpumalanga; southern Mozambique)","macroregion":"Africa / Southern Africa","local_name":"ximbvun’wana; xivhumani","source_term":"bull-roarer","source_language":"English; Xitsonga","object_description":"A small flat piece of wood whirled round at the end of a string tied to a handle.","function_summary":"Not recorded.","attestation_type":"lexical_attestation","source_key":"chapatte_tsonga_dictionary","source_type":"language_dictionary","source_url":"https://www.scribd.com/document/499114708/Marius-Chapatte-Tsonga-English-Dictionary-Dikixinari-Ya-Xitsonga-Xinghezi","page_or_plate":"pp. 368, 390","map_confidence":"low","plot_status":"plot_with_caveat","coordinate_basis":"Giyani, Limpopo, as a Xitsonga language-area anchor; the dictionary gives no community or locality","jade_complex_role":"","blurb":"A small flat piece of wood, whirled round at the end of a string tied to a handle: that is the ximbvun’wana of the Tsonga, whose language is spoken across the lowveld of north-eastern South Africa and southern Mozambique. The same instrument also goes by a second name, xivhumani.","pull_quote":"ximbvun’wana 7, bull-roarer, a small flat piece of wood whirled round at end of a string tied to an handle.","pull_quote_translation":"","pull_quote_cite":"Chapatte, Tsonga–English Dictionary, p. 368","term_gloss":"ximbvun’wana (class 7): bull-roarer. xivhumani (class 7): bull-roarer.","cls":"unknown","class_label":"Function not recorded","color":"#6B7884","is_candidate":false,"flags":[],"f_jade_complex":false,"f_women_taboo":false,"f_women_special":false,"f_snake":false,"sources":[{"citation":"Marius Chapatte, Tsonga–English Dictionary / Dikixinari ya Xitsonga–Xinghezi (n.d.), pp. 368, 390","url":"https://www.scribd.com/document/499114708/Marius-Chapatte-Tsonga-English-Dictionary-Dikixinari-Ya-Xitsonga-Xinghezi"}],"source_citations":"Marius Chapatte, Tsonga–English Dictionary / Dikixinari ya Xitsonga–Xinghezi (n.d.), pp. 368, 390","source_display":"Marius Chapatte, Tsonga–English Dictionary / Dikixinari ya Xitsonga–Xinghezi (n.d.), pp. 368, 390","date_citation_display":"","object_display":"A small flat piece of wood whirled round at the end of a string tied to a handle.","function_display":"Not recorded.","confidence_display":"low","attestation_label":"lexical attestation","etymology_hedge":"","people_key":"tsonga","display_name":"Tsonga ximbvun’wana on a handle","image":{"full":"assets/objects/hunt_2026_10_19/CHAPATTE-001_molepo_kgabubu_fig20-1.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/hunt_2026_10_19/CHAPATTE-001_molepo_kgabubu_fig20-1_thumb.jpg","alt":"Line drawing of a long flat bullroarer blade with a cord running from its end to a short wooden handle.","credit":"Van Schalkwyk 1985, Molepo of Thabamoopo, fig. 20.1; University of Pretoria repository","source_page":"https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/92892","rehosted":true,"representative":true,"caption":"A Northern Sotho kgabubu, whirled from a handle."},"slug":"chapatte-001-tsonga-xitsonga-speakers"}