{"id":"CARROLL2024-005","label":"Sota sosam","people_or_site":"Ngarna (Sota Kanum) speakers, Sota","country_current":"Indonesia","historic_region":"Sota village, Merauke Regency, South Papua, on the border with Papua New Guinea","macroregion":"Oceania / Sahul","local_name":"sosam","source_term":"bullroarer: sosam","source_language":"Ngarna","object_description":"A bullroarer, called sosam; its form is not recorded.","function_summary":"Not recorded.","attestation_type":"lexical_attestation","source_key":"carroll2024_yamfinder","source_type":"academic_language_description","source_url":"https://yamfinder.com/","page_or_plate":"Yamfinder concept 52 'bullroarer'; CLDF ngarna-52-1 'sosam'; language Ngarna; village Sota; source code em.","map_confidence":"medium","plot_status":"plot_with_caveat","coordinate_basis":"Sota village point (OpenStreetMap, Merauke Regency); UZH Newguineaworld names Sota as the Ngarna village just west of the PNG border; village anchor, not a collection point","jade_complex_role":"","blurb":"At Sota, a Kanum village just inside Indonesia on the border with Papua New Guinea, Ngarna speakers call the bullroarer sosam. Sosom was the giant of the Marind cult whose voice the roarer was, and a hill in Sota land near Yanggandur played an important part in every annual round of his rites. Yet the people of Sota insisted the cult was the Marind's, not theirs, though some of their men had joined in. Like the Trans-Fly peoples to the east, the Kanum were great growers of yams, and their feasts were contests of giving food.","pull_quote":"","pull_quote_translation":"","pull_quote_cite":"","term_gloss":"sosam: bullroarer (Yamfinder, Ngarna, Sota, Emil Mittag field data)","cls":"unknown","class_label":"Function not recorded","color":"#6B7884","is_candidate":false,"flags":["snake"],"f_jade_complex":false,"f_women_taboo":false,"f_women_special":false,"f_snake":true,"sources":[{"citation":"Matthew J. Carroll, Wolfgang Barth, Nicholas Evans et al., Yamfinder: The Southern New Guinea Lexical Database (University of Melbourne), concept 'bullroarer'","url":"https://yamfinder.com/"},{"citation":"CLDF dataset derived from Carroll et al., \"Yamfinder: The Southern New Guinea Lexical Database\", Lexibank release v1.0 (2024)","url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10843349"},{"citation":"J. van Baal, Dema: Description and Analysis of Marind-anim Culture (The Hague, 1966), pp. 13, 267-268","url":"https://www.papuaerfgoed.org/sites/default/files/collectie/files/2003-10/Van%20Baal_1966_Dema.pdf","archive":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260428065216/https://www.papuaerfgoed.org/sites/default/files/collectie/files/2003-10/Van%20Baal_1966_Dema.pdf"}],"source_citations":"Matthew J. Carroll, Wolfgang Barth, Nicholas Evans et al., Yamfinder: The Southern New Guinea Lexical Database (University of Melbourne), concept 'bullroarer'; CLDF dataset derived from Carroll et al., \"Yamfinder: The Southern New Guinea Lexical Database\", Lexibank release v1.0 (2024); J. van Baal, Dema: Description and Analysis of Marind-anim Culture (The Hague, 1966), pp. 13, 267-268","source_display":"Matthew J. Carroll, Wolfgang Barth, Nicholas Evans et al., Yamfinder: The Southern New Guinea Lexical Database (University of Melbourne), concept 'bullroarer'; CLDF dataset derived from Carroll et al., \"Yamfinder: The Southern New Guinea Lexical Database\", Lexibank release v1.0 (2024); J. van Baal, Dema: Description and Analysis of Marind-anim Culture (The…","date_citation_display":"","object_display":"A bullroarer, called sosam; its form is not recorded.","function_display":"Not recorded.","confidence_display":"medium","attestation_label":"lexical attestation","etymology_hedge":"","people_key":"ngarna","display_name":"Sota sosam","image":{"full":"assets/objects/PNG66_prm_1903-6-8_kumusi.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/PNG66_prm_1903-6-8_kumusi_thumb.jpg","credit":"Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford (1903.6.8)","license":"© Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford","source_page":"https://prm.ox.ac.uk/collections-online#/item/prm-object-39731","rehosted":true,"representative":true,"caption":"Bull-roarer from the Kumusi River, NE British New Guinea","pool_id":"auto-PNG66_prm_1903-6-8_kumusi","auto_assigned":true,"last_modified":"2026-10-19"},"slug":"carroll2024-005-ngarna-sota-kanum-speakers-sota"}