{"id":"AMKREUTZ2023-001","label":"Tilburg-Kraaiven Late Mesolithic zoemsteen","people_or_site":"Tilburg-Kraaiven Late Mesolithic settlement site","country_current":"Netherlands","historic_region":"North Brabant / Tilburg-Kraaiven","macroregion":"Europe / Low Countries","local_name":"zoemsteen","source_term":"zoemsteen (Dutch popular name); published as 'bullroarer'","source_language":"English / Dutch","object_description":"Thin elongated plate of lydite, 155 mm, with a biconical perforation at one end; wear traces above the perforation show prolonged suspension, and both flat faces carry series of 'scratches'.","function_summary":"Published as a bullroarer: a terminally perforated stone blade whose cord wear records prolonged suspension.","attestation_type":"archaeological_find","source_key":"amkreutz_niekus_2023_tilburg","source_type":"archaeological_report","source_url":"https://www.dpv.nu/download/spieker24-1-274","page_or_plate":"p. 65, Fig. 13","map_confidence":"medium","plot_status":"plot_with_caveat","coordinate_basis":"Kraaiven industrial estate, northwest Tilburg — the excavated settlement area.","jade_complex_role":"","blurb":"On the northwest edge of Tilburg, a Late Mesolithic settlement yielded a thin plate of lydite fifteen and a half centimetres long, with a neat biconical hole drilled through one end. Wear above the hole records long suspension on a cord, while both faces carry rows of deliberate scratches. Dutch archaeologists publish it as a bullroarer—the zoemsteen, or ‘buzz-stone’—and Brabant heritage writing calls it perhaps the province’s oldest musical instrument. Its settlement context places it about 7,500 years ago.","pull_quote":"Traces of wear above the perforation indicate the piece was suspended for a prolonged period of time.","pull_quote_translation":"","pull_quote_cite":"Amkreutz & Niekus, Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle 26 (2023), p. 65","term_gloss":"zoemsteen — Dutch, 'buzz-stone'; the popular name for the Tilburg object in Brabant heritage writing.","cls":"unknown","class_label":"Function not recorded","color":"#6B7884","is_candidate":false,"flags":[],"f_jade_complex":false,"f_women_taboo":false,"f_women_special":false,"f_snake":false,"f_archaeology":true,"archaeology_kind":"object","date_display":"c. 5500 BC","date_qualification":"Tentative site attribution.","date_basis":"site_horizon","date_confidence":"low","date_citation":"amkreutz_niekus_2023_tilburg, Amkreutz & Niekus 2023 p. 65 fig. 13 and table site 48; Brabant Erfgoed 2018","sources":[{"citation":"L. Amkreutz & M. Niekus, 'The Dutch Masters? Art, decoration and ornaments in the Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of the Netherlands', Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle 26 (2023), p. 65 and fig. 13, after Arts 1987; Jan van Oudheusden, 'Een zoemsteen', Erfgoed Brabant (14 March 2018)","url":"https://www.dpv.nu/download/spieker24-1-274","archive":"https://web.archive.org/web/20261012233234/https://www.dpv.nu/download/spieker24-1-274"}],"source_citations":"L. Amkreutz & M. Niekus, 'The Dutch Masters? Art, decoration and ornaments in the Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of the Netherlands', Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle 26 (2023), p. 65 and fig. 13, after Arts 1987; Jan van Oudheusden, 'Een zoemsteen', Erfgoed Brabant (14 March 2018)","source_display":"L. Amkreutz & M. Niekus, 'The Dutch Masters? Art, decoration and ornaments in the Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of the Netherlands', Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle 26 (2023), p. 65 and fig. 13, after Arts 1987; Jan van Oudheusden, 'Een zoemsteen', Erfgoed Brabant (14 March 2018)","date_citation_display":"Amkreutz & Niekus 2023 p. 65 fig. 13 and table site 48; Brabant Erfgoed 2018","object_display":"Thin elongated plate of lydite, 155 mm, with a biconical perforation at one end; wear traces above the perforation show prolonged suspension, and both flat faces carry series of 'scratches'.","function_display":"Published as a bullroarer: a terminally perforated stone blade whose cord wear records prolonged suspension.","confidence_display":"medium","attestation_label":"archaeological find","etymology_hedge":"","people_key":"tilburg kraaiven","display_name":"Tilburg-Kraaiven Late Mesolithic zoemsteen","image":{"full":"assets/objects/AMKREUTZ2023-001_fig13_tilburg.jpg","thumb":"assets/objects/AMKREUTZ2023-001_fig13_tilburg_thumb.jpg","credit":"Amkreutz & Niekus, Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle 26 (2023), Fig. 13","license":"In copyright — rehosted low-res for non-commercial research","source_page":"https://www.dpv.nu/download/spieker24-1-274","rehosted":true,"representative":false,"caption":"The Tilburg-Kraaiven plate in its publication figure — edge view and both scratched faces, the biconical cord hole at the left end."},"slug":"amkreutz2023-001-tilburg-kraaiven-late-mesolithic-settlement-site"}